- Vegas Airport Slot Machines
- John Thompson Las Vegas Airport Slot Machines
- Slot Controlled Airports
- Airport Slot Machines In Vegas
By Dr. P.P.C. Haanappel, Emeritus Professor of Air and Space Law, Consultant
Regularly, Aeropolitical Updates reports on airport slot developments throughout the world. “Slots” is a complex subject. The following is an attempt to systemize the matter, at least legally.
Airport slots and other slots
An airport slot is an arrival or departure (runway) time allotted to a particular airline at a particular airport, for a particular season (summer or winter). It is the airline’s choice for which route the slot will be used. Not all airports are slot controlled, especially not the non congested ones. Airport slots presuppose the existence of landing rights, in international air transport whether pursuant to bilateral air transport / services agreements or to some other agreement between states in the sense of Articles 5 and 6 of the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation. In Europe, for instance, landing rights result from the supranational / multilateral EU, EEA, EU-CH, and ECAA Agreements. Thus, airport slots and landing rights are distinct: the latter must precede the former.
In March, a flurry of regional, national and international authorities announced alleviation measures related to airport slots, and quickly extended them after the extent of the Covid-19 crisis became clear. Hong Kong’s Civil Aviation Department extended its slot. Airport slots are required at many busy locations worldwide, and request formats differ depending on the destination. While the airport slot request process usually goes very smoothly, it’s important to be aware of procedural requirements and assorted airport slot nuances. Best practice is to operate within the approved slot times and deviations and avoid multiple airport slot changes. As a result, slots at one airport are useless without corresponding slots at the destination airports. Consistent global standards The Scheduling Conference works well, but the World Scheduling Guidelines (WSG), which are meant to govern the process need to be applied consistently across the world. The airport has 240 slot machines that bring in $1.1 million a year. In 2017, airport revenue around the world reached $172.2 billion — 55.8% of it was aeronautical, 39.9% non-aeronautical and 4.3% nonoperating, according to the industry trade group Airports Council International.
Airport slots are to be distinguished from Air Traffic Control (ATC) en route slots, the some 15 minute period within which a flight, on any given day, must begin and end the use of (congested) airways. In Europe, Eurocontrol’s Central Flow Management Unit (CFMU) is in charge of allocating these slots.
Note: airport slots are scheduling times; en route slots are actual times. Both are instruments to control congestion and to allocate the use of scarce resources, runways and airways.
Regulatory framework
From the 1960s onwards, IATA has been involved in scheduling procedures at airports, first to co-ordinate airline schedules to promote interlining, later, more importantly, to allocate (scarce) airport runway arrival and departure slots. The former Scheduling Procedures Guide (SPG) and Conferences (SPC) have been replaced by the Worldwide Slot Guidelines (WSG) and the biannual IATA Slot Conferences (SC).
The operation of the IATA slot allocation conferences for airports located in the EU, and by extension in the EEA, CH and ECAA, is somewhat modified by the applicability of the EU Slot Allocation Regulation 95/93 (as amended). In the US, where currently only three airports are slot controlled and another four slot monitored, the FAA participates in the IATA system for international flights. It should be recalled that slot allocation or monitoring is principally a self-regulatory airline activity, through its trade association IATA.
As mentioned earlier, however, in international air transport, slots presuppose governmentally granted traffic rights. Slots are an airline agreed modality to exercise governmentally granted traffic rights. ICAO has developed a number of model bilateral clauses on slot allocation, which are basically procedural in nature, in order to facilitate the process.
Ownership of slots
An often asked legal question is who owns airport slots? The answer to this question cannot be found in the above-mentioned IATA, EU, FAA, ICAO instruments. The answer, if any, depends on national legal systems, in particular national constitutional and property laws. Usually, the answer will be that the airport (operator) owns the slots. Alternatively, in other jurisdictions the answer will be that governments or airlines own the slots. The answer, however, is not that important. What is more important than the theoretical question as to ownership, is the practical question as to value of slots and whether they can be traded. There is no doubt that slots have an economic, pecuniary value, depending on their scarcity. The scarcer a slot, the higher the price for an airline that wishes to use it. In the initial allocation process, slots will normally be assigned free of charge.The legal question hereafter is whether an airline, holding a slot, can sell it to another airline: secondary slot trading.
Trading of slots
The same legal instruments, mentioned above, are also not crystal clear as to whether secondary slot trading is allowed. In Europe, slots may be exchanged by airlines, one for one. Whether this “exchange” may be for “value”, for “consideration”, by “onerous title” remains somewhat hazy. Common law courts have accepted the validity of secondary slot trading for pecuniary consideration more easily than continental courts. For already some ten years now, the EU Commission has favoured such slot trading, but this had not been laid down in formal legislation.
Slots and mergers / take-overs / alliances
In competition and antitrust law procedures for the approval of airline mergers, take-overs or alliances, national or EU authorities may also condition such approvals by requiring the applicant airlines to surrender slots on particular routes to other, sometimes new entrant carriers, so as to reduce the competition restricting effect of mergers, take-overs or alliances. Such conditioning is usually respected by the airlines involved and the slot allocation at the relevant airport(s) adjusted accordingly. Whether the effect of the slot surrender actually leads to increased competition in practice, is another matter.
Slots and bankruptcies
The more it is realized that slots have an economic, pecuniary value, the more they are used in bankruptcy proceedings as an asset upon which creditors can take recourse in the proceedings surrounding the bankruptcy of an airline. In the year 2017, the failure of Monarch Airlines (UK) and Air Berlin showed how their slots can be sold for value to competing airlines, thereby generating capital for creditors.
Coin operated slot machines las vegas. Airport systems, traffic distribution and local rules
Some cities or urban conglomerations have multiple airports in what is called: an airport system. Between such airports, local authorities may distribute traffic over the various airports by way of a traffic distribution rule, but, at least in Europe, such distribution may not be discriminatory, amongst other things, as to carrier identity or nationality.
Finally, within the (runway) slot allocation system, there may be local rules, only applicable to one airport or airport system. These rules are supplementary to the IATA and (inter)governmental ones. For instance, at Amsterdam Airport, in the autumn of 2017, a local rule was introduced to enable Russian all-cargo carrier AirBridgeCargo to continue flying notwithstanding the fact that it could not meet the normal rule that airlines must use at least 80 percent of their slots in any given season (summer or winter) if they do not wish to lose their historical precedence, that is claim on slots in the next corresponding season.
Dr. P.P.C. Haanappel, Emeritus Professor of Air and Space Law, Consultant
E-mail: [email protected]
19 January 2018
(Redirected from Airport slots)
A landing slot, takeoff slot, or airport slot is a permission granted by the owner of an airport designated as Level 3 (Coordinated Airport), which allows the grantee to schedule a landing or departure at that airport during a specific time period.[1] Slots may be administered by the operator of the airport or by a government aviation regulator such as the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration.[2]
Landing slots are allocated in accordance with guidelines set down by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Worldwide Airport Slots Group. All airports worldwide are categorized as either Level 1 (Non-Coordinated Airport), Level 2 (Schedules Facilitated Airport), or Level 3 (Coordinated Airport). At Level 2 airports, the principles governing slot allocation are less stringent; airlines periodically submit proposed schedules to the administrating authority, rather than historic performance. Participation is not mandatory, but reduces congestion and non-participants are penalized if the airport must later be designated level 3.[2]
As of summer 2017, a total of 123 airports in the world are Level 2 airports, and 177 are Level 3 airports.[3]
Allocated landing slots may have a commercial value and can be traded between airlines. Continental Airlines paid US$209 million for four pairs of landing slots from GB Airways at London Heathrow Airport, $52.3m each.[4] The highest price paid for a pair of take-off and landing slots at Heathrow Airport was $75m, paid by Oman Air to Air France–KLM for a prized early morning arrival, reported in February 2016. A year before, American Airlines paid $60m to Scandinavian Airlines.[5]
Year | Buyer | Seller | daily slot pairs | transaction (£M) | slot value (£M) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1998 | BA | Air UK | 4 | 15.6 | 3.9 |
2002 | BA | BA Connect | 5 | 13 | 2.6 |
2002 | BA | SN Brussels | 7 | 27.5 | 3.9 |
2003 | BA | SWISS | 8 | 22.5 | 2.8 |
2003 | BA | United | 2 | 12 | 6 |
2004 | Virgin | Flybe | 4 | 20 | 5 |
2004 | Qantas | Flybe | 2 | 20 | 10 |
2006 | BA | BWIA | 1 | 5 | 5 |
2007 | BA | Malev | 2 | 7 | 3.5 |
2007 | BA | BA | 7.3 | 30 | 4.1 |
2007 | Virgin | Air Jamaica | 1 | 5.1 | 5.1 |
2007 | BMI | 77.7 | 770 | 9.9 | |
2007 | unknown | Alitalia | 3 | 67 | 22.3 |
2008 | Continental | GB Airways/Alitalia/Air France | 4 | 104.5 | 26.1 |
2013 | Delta | unknown | 2 | 30.8 | 15.4 |
2013 | Etihad | Jet | 3 | 46.2 | 15.4 |
As supply is limited, slot trading became the main solution to enter Heathrow and transfers grew from 42 in 2000 to 526 in 2012 and over 10 years the average priced slot was equivalent to £4 per passenger.[7]
If an airline does not use an allocation of slots (typically 80% usage over six months), it can lose the rights. Airlines may operate ghost or empty flights to preserve slot allocations.[8] To avoid pollution and financial losses caused by an excessive number of empty flights, these rules have occasionally been waived during periods of temporary but widespread travel disruption, including after the September 11, 2001 attacks, and during the SARS epidemic, the Great Recession, and the COVID-19 pandemic.[9]
Level 3 coordinated airports[3][edit]
Australia[edit]
Austria[edit]
- Innsbruck Airport (winter season only)
Belgium[edit]
Brazil[edit]
Cambodia[edit]
![Airport Airport](https://live.staticflickr.com/6149/6040053114_9e5c3bec00_b.jpg)
Canada[edit]
Cape Verde[edit]
Colombia[edit]
Cuba[edit]
China[edit]
Czech Republic[edit]
Denmark[edit]
Finland[edit]
France[edit]
Germany[edit]
Ghana[edit]
- Kotoka International Airport - Accra
Greece[edit]
- Chania Airport (summer season only)
- Chios Airport (summer season only)
- Corfu Airport (summer season only)
- Heraklion Airport (summer season only)
- Kalamata Airport (summer season only)
- Karpathos Island National Airport (summer season only)
- Kavala Airport (summer season only)
- Kephalonia International Airport (summer season only)
- Kithira Airport (summer season only)
- Kos Airport (summer season only)
- Mykonos Airport (summer season only)
- Mytilene Airport (summer season only)
- Patras Airport (summer season only)
- Preveza Airport (summer season only)
- Rhodes Airport (summer season only)
- Samos Airport (summer season only)
- Sitia Public Airport (summer season only)
- Skiathos Airport (summer season only)
- Thira Airport (summer season only)
- Volos Airport (summer season only)
- Zakynthos International Airport (summer season only)
Greenland[edit]
Hong Kong[edit]
Iceland[edit]
India[edit]
- Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport - Mumbai
- Indira Gandhi International Airport - Delhi
- Chennai International Airport - Chennai
- Rajiv Gandhi International Airport - Hyderabad
- Kempegowda International Airport - Bangalore
Indonesia[edit]
- Ngurah Rai International Airport - Denpasar
- Soekarno-Hatta International Airport - Jakarta
Ireland[edit]
Israel[edit]
Italy[edit]
- Lampedusa Airport (summer season only)
- Linate Airport - Milan
- Malpensa Airport - Milan
- Orio al Serio Airport - Milan
- Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport (summer season only)
- Pantelleria Airport (summer season only)
- Ciampino Airport - Rome
- Fiumicino Airport - Rome
Japan[edit]
Malaysia[edit]
Mauritius[edit]
- Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport - Mauritius
Mexico[edit]
Morocco[edit]
Netherlands[edit]
New Zealand[edit]
Norway[edit]
Pakistan[edit]
Philippines[edit]
Poland[edit]
Portugal[edit]
- Faro Airport (summer season only)
Russia[edit]
- Sheremetyevo Airport - Moscow
- Vnukovo International Airport - Moscow
Saudi Arabia[edit]
Singapore[edit]
South Africa[edit]
- King Shaka International Airport - Durban
- OR Tambo International Airport - Johannesburg
South Korea[edit]
Spain[edit]
- Ibiza Airport (summer season only)
- Menorca Airport (summer season only)
Sri Lanka[edit]
Sweden[edit]
Switzerland[edit]
Taiwan[edit]
Thailand[edit]
- Suvarnabhumi Airport - Bangkok
- Don Mueang International Airport - Bangkok
Tunisia[edit]
Turkey[edit]
- Antalya Airport - Antalya (summer season only)
Ukraine[edit]
- Boryspil International Airport - Kiev
United Arab Emirates[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
United States[edit]
Vegas Airport Slot Machines
- John F. Kennedy International Airport - New York City
- LaGuardia Airport (not on IATA list, but slot controlled)[10]
- Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport - Washington, D.C. (not on IATA list, but slot controlled)[10]
Vietnam[edit]
John Thompson Las Vegas Airport Slot Machines
- Noi Bai International Airport - Hanoi
- Tan Son Nhat International Airport - Ho Chi Minh City
References[edit]
Slot Controlled Airports
- ^'Worldwide Slot Guidelines, 9th Edition English Version'(PDF). IATA. 1 January 2019. p. 14.
- ^ abSlot Administration - U.S. Level 2 Airports
- ^ ab'List of all Level 2 and Level 3 airports'. iata.org. 29 May 2018.
- ^'Continental pays Heathrow record'. Financial Times. March 3, 2008.
- ^'Oman breaks Heathrow record with deal for slots'. The Sunday Times. 14 February 2016.
- ^'Heathrow Airport's slot machine: hitting the jackpot again?'. CAPA centre for aviation. 8 May 2013.
- ^'Heathrow Airport: An introduction to Secondary Slot Trading'(PDF). Airport Coordination Limited. 30 September 2012. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2016.
- ^Green anger at 'ghost flights'
- ^Paul Sillers (12 March 2020). 'Ghost flights: Why our skies are full of empty planes'.
- ^ ab'Airport Reservation Office'. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
Airport Slot Machines In Vegas
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